Decision Support System for Managing Oil Spill Events

The Mediterranean environment is exposed to various hazards, including oil spills, forest fires, and floods, making the development of a decision support system (DSS) for emergency management an objective of utmost importance. The present work presents a complete DSS for managing marine pollution events caused by oil spills. The system provides all the necessary tools for early detection of oil-spills from satellite images, monitoring of their evolution, estimation of the accident consequences and provision of support to responsible Public Authorities during clean-up operations. The heart of the system is an image processing–geographic information system and other assistant individual software tools that perform oil spill evolution simulation and all other necessary numerical calculations as well as cartographic and reporting tasks related to a specific management of the oil spill event. The cartographic information is derived from the extant general maps representing detailed information concerning several regional environmental and land-cover characteristics as well as financial activities of the application area. Early notification of the authorities with up-to-date accurate information on the position and evolution of the oil spill, combined with the detailed coastal maps, is of paramount importance for emergency assessment and effective clean-up operations that would prevent environmental hazard. An application was developed for the Region of Crete, an area particularly vulnerable to oil spills due to its location, ecological characteristics, and local economic activities.     

Remotely Sensed Data for Ecosystem Analyses: Combining Hierarchy Theory and Scene Models

Remotely sensed data have been used extensively for environmental monitoring and modeling at a number of spatial scales; however, a limited range of satellite imaging systems often constrained the scales of these analyses. A wider variety of data sets is now available, allowing image data to be selected to match the scale of environmental structure(s) or process(es) being examined. A framework is presented for use by environmental scientists and managers, enabling their spatial data collection needs to be linked to a suitable form of remotely sensed data. A six-step approach is used, combining image spatial analysis and scaling tools, within the context of hierarchy theory. The main steps involved are: (1) identification of information requirements for the monitoring or management problem; (2) development of ideal image dimensions (scene model), (3) exploratory analysis of existing remotely sensed data using scaling techniques, (4) selection and evaluation of suitable remotely sensed data based on the scene model, (5) selection of suitable spatial analytic techniques to meet information requirements, and (6) cost–benefit analysis. Results from a case study show that the framework provided an objective mechanism to identify relevant aspects of the monitoring problem and environmental characteristics for selecting remotely sensed data and analysis techniques.     

我国洪涝灾害加剧的主要因素与进一步抗洪减灾应取的对策

我国正面临着洪涝灾害加剧的严峻形势。９０年代以来,已出现了４个洪涝重灾年,每年的直接经济损失都接近或超过千亿元人民币。本文分析了导致我国洪涝灾害加剧的主要原因：首先是随着人口膨胀,大规模砍伐森林,大面积垦殖坡地,导致水土流失面积扩大,大量泥沙注入江河湖库;加之过度围垦湖泊与沿河低洼地,湖面大幅度萎缩;快速发展的城市化也使出现洪涝的可能性加大,损失加重。在总结我国抗洪防灾经验的基础上,讨论了应该进一步采取的措施,并提出了建立以Ｒａｄａｒｓａｔ为主体的多卫星抗洪减灾遥感信息系统的设想。     

中国小麦遥感估产区划研究

大面积小麦遥感估产区划是一项专项应用区划,主要服务于小麦遥感估产研究与实践。本文结合农作物区划理论和小麦遥感估产的具体要求,并重点考虑后者,提出了小麦遥感估产区划的原则和依据,建立了区划指标体系,藉此把我国分为１４个估产区和３２个估产亚区。     

水电工程对农业生态系统服务功能价值评估——以汉江崔家营航电枢纽工程为例

利用遥感技术测算汉江崔家营航电枢纽工程淹没区各种农业植被的面积。以此为基础数据,采用市场价值、碳税法和替代工程等方法,对工程修建前的农业生态系统服务功能的价值进行评价。结果显示:淹没区内农业生态系统服务功能每年要产生农产品服务价值2242.38万元,大气组分调节价值556.31万元,减少土地损失的价值278.8万元,减少土壤肥力损失的价值3711.71万元,涵养水分的价值101.37万元。工程建成后,淹没区内的农业生态系统服务功能将消失,因此,工程的修建使农业生态系统服务功能的价值减少6890.57万元。     

Study on the damage of the “91.7” rainstorm in Sihudrainage area with remote sensing application technique

Ｓｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅｄａｍａｇｅｏｆｔｈｅ“９１．７”ｒａｉｎｓｔｏｒｍｉｎＳｉｈｕｄｒａｉｎａｇｅａｒｅａｗｉｔｈｒｅｍｏｔｅｓｅｎｓｉｎｇａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅＹｕＧｕａｎｇｍｉｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,...     

航空遥感技术在大连海滨污染调查中的应用

本文以大连市污染最严重海域的实际及航空遥感图象的综合解译，最终得出其不污染范围及污染程度等结论，为污水的治理、控制、监测及研究海洋自净能力等诸多诸多领域提供数学依据。实践证明，航空遥感技术是海洋环境监测的一种有效手段。     

遥感信息结合光合特性研究作物光合产量估测模型

从遥感信息参数和植物生理生态参数出发 ,建立了遥感-光合作物产量机理模型(RSPCYM) ,其中包括直接以遥感信息获取吸收光合有效辐射 (APAR),将用以完整表示作物生育期中光合时间的作物光合同化势 (CPAP)引入到遥感-光合作物产量模型中,同时利用遥感信息求算作物光合速率 ,进而建立遥感-光合作物产量模型。将建立的模型用于典型区域的冬小麦作物产量估测研究中 ,表明发展的模型有可比的精度。     

遥感与GIS辅助下的非点源模型空间参数提取

非点源模型的应用面临着数据收集和管理困难等难题，本文以SWAT模型在芦溪小流域的应用为例，阐述了遥感与GIS技术在非点源研究中的应用，主要包括利用TM影像提取土地利用信息，利用GIS进行插值，划分子流域和信息提取。研究表明，遥感与GIS能够在相当程度上解决非点源模型应用中的数据收集、分析和管理困难。遥感能经济快速获取空间信息。GIS在空间数据综合分析、空间数据的插值中发挥着重要作用。建议在今后的研究工作中加强研究空间数据对非点源模型模拟结果的误差传递。     

晋西南黄土高原区植被覆盖度变化及其生态效应评估

水土流失和生态退化是黄土高原区面临的严峻问题,已经严重制约了经济发展。基于TM和OLI数据,分别估算晋西南黄土高原区的植被覆盖度（FVC）和遥感生态指数（RSEI）,定量分析了晋西南黄土高原区的植被和生态恢复效果,并提出需要重点治理的区域。研究结果表明：（1）15年间晋西南黄土高原区的植被覆盖度和遥感生态指数都呈现增加的趋势,FVC指数从2002年的42.69%增加至2017年的47.67%,RSEI指数由2002年的45%增加至2017年的52.5%,反映出研究区生态质量有了明显提高;（2）除研究区内芝河流域、汾河谷地和沁河流域的生态质量出现严重退化外,研究区大部分区域的FVC指数和RSEI指数都呈改善趋势,因此需对芝河流域、汾河谷地和沁河流域加大生态治理力度;（3）除研究区汾河谷地外,其余地区植被覆盖度和遥感生态指数的变化趋势基本吻合,汾河谷地由于冬小麦大面积种植,植被覆盖度得到一定程度改善,但遥感生态指数并没有明显改善。